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COIN MINE REFERENCE PAGE

(NOTE: Do not engineer a space program or suspension bridge or write my memoirs with the information provided herein.)  Verify everything yourself.  Examine your own life, as Shakespeare encouraged.  Please bring any errors to our attention.

LINKS

GLOSSARY OF TERMS: Coins, Currency, Economics, Metals and Mining

MASTER FINANCIAL ACRONYMS   

MASTER FINANCIAL GLOSSARY

CONVERSION FACTORS, MEASURES and WEIGHTS

1-gram per metric tonne = 1 part per million = or 0.03 ounces per ton

100 grains = 0.228 oz sterling silver

1 acre = 0.4047 hectare

1 acre = 43,560 square feet

1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers
1 foot = 0.3048 meter

1 troy ounce = 31.1035 grams
1 gram per metric tonne = 0.0292 troy ounce/short ton

1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometers
1 short ton (2000 pounds) = 0.9072 tonne

1 square kilometer = 100 hectares
1 tonne = 1,000 kg or 2,204.6 lbs

1 kilogram = 2.204 pounds or
1 hectare = 10,000 square meters

1 hectare = 2.471 acres
Au = gold

m2 = square meter
g = gram

m3 = cubic meter
Au g/t = grams of gold per tonne

Mg or mg = milligram
ha = hectare

mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic
km = kilometer

T or t = tonne
tonne = 1,000 kilograms

tonne = 2,204.6 pounds.

km2 = square kilometers

Oz = troy ounce
kg = kilogram

Ppb = parts per billion
m = meter

Ma = million years

Troy

troy pound =12 troy ounces

troy pound = 12 x 31.103 = 373.24gm

troy ounce = 31.103 grams

1 troy ounce = 480 grains
1 troy ounce = 24 scruples
1 troy ounce = 20 pennyweights

1 troy ounce = 8 drams
1 troy ounce = 120 carats
 

Imperial

Imperial pound of 454.5 gms.

In 1863 the Imperial or avoirdupois pound was redefined as 0.45359237 kilograms.
16 ounces avoirdupois = 1 pound avoirdupois
1 ounce avoirdupois = 28.349523 grams approx.
1 pound avoirdupois = 453.59237 grams

Grains
480 grains = 1 troy ounce
5760 grains = 1 troy pound
437.5 grains = 1 ounce avoirdupois
7000 grains = 1 pound avoirdupois
1 grain = 0.0648 grams (0.06479891)
15.432 grains = 1 gram

avoirdupois pound = 7000 grains

troy pound = 5760 grains

A troy ounce weighs 31.1 oz, which is heavier than a standard ounce.

A troy pound contains 12 troy ounces and is 1240 grains lighter than a standard pound;

Hence the standard (Avoirdupois) pound is much heavier.
 

Note that the grain was originally defined as the smallest unit of a bushel, the single plant grain.  In England the grain referred to the weight of one barleycorn.  But France used the wheat grain (slightly larger).  Furthermore, the weight was not specified as a dry weight or wet weight. So, eventually the european folks got together and decided, by international agreement, that one avoirdupois pound is equal to exactly 453.592 37 grams; this is exactly 175/144 = 1.215 28 troy pounds. That's the story.

Carat
The carat is used to measure the weight of diamonds and other gemstones. The carat was standardize on April 1, 1914 as ¹/₅ (0.20) gram (metric carat).
 

Karat

Karat refers to purity of gold.

10k is 10/24th pure. That's equal to 41.67%

14k is 58.3% gold

22k = 91.6% pure gold

24k = 99.9% pure gold

Liter - 1) A unit of capacity equal to the volume of 1 kilogram of pure water, at 4 degrees centigrade and 760 mm of mercury at sea level (standard atmospheric pressure =1 ATM) =  approximately 1.76 pints.  2) A unit of volume equal to 1000 cubic centimeters or or 1 cubic decimeter ( 1.0567 quarts )  [synonyms: litre, {l}, cubic decimeter, cubic decimetre]
 

Pennyweight (dwt)

1 pennyweight (dwt) = 24 grains 
1 pennyweight = 1.55 grams
20 dwt =1 troy ounce
1 pennyweight = 0.05 troy ounce
1 gram= 0.643 pennyweight

Back in the old days, gold used to be measured in pennyweights (dwt).

Once troy ounce gold = 20 dwt

The ‘field method’ was to use the old bronze Indian Head Cents (1864-1909) on a pocket balance or postal scale.  Two bronze cents equal one dwt

Sterling

Sterling is a unit of English currency (the pound).

Sterling has historically referred to the purity of silver.  Entire books have been written about this topic, some of these books are available above.